Hawking-Page phase transition in BTZ black hole revisited

초록

We consider the Hawking-Page phase transition between the BTZ black hole of M >= 0 and the thermal soliton of M = -1. In this system, there exists a mass gap so that there does not seem to exist a continuous thermodynamic phase transition. We consistently construct the off-shell free energies of the black hole and the soliton by properly taking into account the conical space. And then, the continuous off-shell free energy to describe tunneling effect can be realized through non-equilibrium solitons.

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