A synoptic review of lithium metal batteries: Research trends about lithium metal engineering and manufacturing

초록

Rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) promise high energy densities but remain constrained by dendritic lithium (Li) growth, parasitic interfacial reactions, and poor cyclability under practical conditions. In this review, we discuss two complementary strategies for overcoming these limitations: (i) electrolyte design, (ii) Li metal anode modification (inorganic, polymeric, and lithiophilic metal-alloy coatings), and morphology engineering. Additionally, breakthrough direct and indirect strategies can improve performance in LMBs. We categorize these indirect routes into two overarching classes: (i) evaluation and analysis, and (ii) manufacturing and process scaling. Through these advances, we outline design rules that prioritize interfacial ionic transport, mechanical regulation, and chemical robustness. We also identify the critical challenges for translating laboratory insights into stable LMBs for electric mobility and grid storage.

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